Since 2006, Lake Michigan has seen a steady stream of dead birds washing up on its beaches, and this fall has been exceptionally grim.
So far, researchers and volunteers have found around 5000 dead birds along the shore.
Two researchers are monitoring the coast where dead birds have been washing up: Dan Ray of the National Park Service and Jeanie Williams of the Inland Seas Education Association.
They’re walking along a beach in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. The typically pristine coast is littered with about two dozen dead birds including scoters, loons, ducks, and more.
Researchers say the birds are dying because of a toxin called avian botulism, which can form on the lake bed under certain conditions.
Standing over a dead duck, Ray describes what he sees, and the procedure that follows.
“So we have a long-tailed duck, and we’re going to pick that up away from the shoreline, take it up into the foredune," Ray says. "And then we dig a hole two feet deep, and bury it so that it’s away from park visitors and pets and no longer a threat to public health.”
Botulism forms when there’s a lack of oxygen in the water.
For that to happen, it takes a long chain reaction that begins with invasive Zebra and Quagga mussels filtering the water, which increases its clarity.
Williams of Inland Seas explains.
“The mussels are eating all this stuff, and then they produce waste like all living things do, and that waste has all kinds of nutrients in it … lots of nitrogen, lots of phosphorous," Williams says. "And because there’s a lot of nutrients at the bottom of the lake, and a lot of sunlight, that means the algae can grow as much as it possibly can.”
The native algae thrives on those nutrients and the additional sunlight, growing prolifically over the summer months.
However, living algae poses no issue, and it’s not until it dies that it becomes a problem.
Harvey Bootsma is a professor at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. He says the northern part of Lake Michigan is the perfect place for botulism to thrive.
“One thing that’s unique about the north end of the lake, especially in the Sleeping Bear region, is that the bottom of the lake, the lake topography, or what we call bathymetry is quite variable up there," Bootsma says, "so you have a lot of these pockets in the bottom of the lake … little valleys that are formed all over the place.”
When the dead algae collects in these pockets and decomposes, it uses up the nearby oxygen, creating the ideal conditions for botulism.
Even as botulism begins to form, it’s down near these toxic valleys that many small fish continue to eat, consuming the poison as they feed.
Local and migratory birds that land on Lake Michigan, tired and famished from their journey, consume small fish like the invasive Round Goby.
Having eaten the infected fish, the birds become sick and die out on the lake due to paralyzing effects.
Local waterfowl populations could be threatened by the presence of botulism, especially since some of them are already endangered.
Bootsma says that both the Piping Plover and Common Loon populations in the Sleeping Bear Dunes area have been significantly affected.
Despite the negative effects that botulism is having on wildlife, Ray emphasized that so long as it isn’t ingested, it poses no threat to humans.
